jueves, 1 de marzo de 2012

Guyana y el Brasil continúan trabajando en Proyectos hidroeléctricos

http://www.stabroeknews.com/2012/opinion/letters/02/29/guyana-continues-to-work-with-brazil-on-hydropower/print/
La Guayana Esequiba - Zona en Reclamación- Guyana 

Tomado de:
Guyana continues to work with Brazil on hydropower
Posted By Stabroek staff On February 29, 2012 @ 5:05 am In Letters |
Dear Editor,
Please allow me to point out some inaccuracies and  to shed some light on some of the questions raised in the article, ‘Greenidge questions suitability of Amaila Falls for Hydropower‘  published  in the Kaieteur News of Monday, February 27, 2012.

In summary, Guyana has not ignored the offers from Brazil but, rather, continues to aggressively work with Brazil as quickly as the procedures and processes of the two governments allow.  Amaila has always been short-listed as a good site for development.  Current electricity generation in Guyana is based on the most up-to-date medium-speed, HFO-fuelled diesel engines which best match our demand, in terms of the daily load curve and the off-service times of units for regular maintenance and rare emergencies.  Whilst annual payments to Amaila hydro are more than the purchase price of imported fuels, today, Amaila offers 40% more electricity at constant annual payments, whilst knowledgeable authorities project continued rises in petroleum prices.

To expand on the above, let me firstly assure Mr Greenidge and the people of Guyana,  that following the meeting and joint communiqué issued by Presidents Bharrat Jagdeo and Luiz Inácio Lula Da Silva, a Brazilian government mission came to Guyana, and subsequently an MOU was entered into for the Brazilian side to develop a study of potential hydropower sites within the Mazaruni and Potaro  river basins,  including diversions within and between the two basins.  Previous studies which are in the control of Guyana would be made available as a starting point.  Consistent with this MOU, arrangements are presently being made with the Brazilian government for a consortium of two large Brazilian hydropower design and construction companies to pursue the relevant feasibility studies, which are a requirement for such major projects.

Both the Guyanese and Brazilian governments are keeping before them the attractive possibilities for the development of hydropower sites in Guyana,  for sale of electric energy to Brazil, specifically into northern Brazil which itself is still at a relatively early stage of development, and in which various supporting infrastructure is to be, and is being, developed.  Whilst remaining open to the outcome of the studies, but taking account of the distances involved,  rules of thumb would suggest that production and export/import of at least 1000 MW would be desirable, with probably 500 MW being the economic minimum.

For sure, Guyana’s domestic needs of less than 150 MW could readily be met from any such large hydropower development, and unit costs are likely to be lower than costs at a site developed solely for satisfaction of Guyana’s own domestic demand.  The question is, when will a large hydropower be actually in place, and should we not proceed with plans to satisfy our own domestic needs.

Governments, even with the best of intentions, are constrained by many factors:  first of all elections cycles  and election results; different personalities with different focuses and different prioritizations, even within the same party when  returned to government;  and, of course, the timing which makes good economic sense, and the availability of financing.  We are, nevertheless, encouraged by recent discussions with our Brazilian counterparts.

I recall at the time of our nationalization of the DEMBA operations, 1971-72, losing one of our best general foremen on holiday, having been involved in a traffic accident on the then unsurfaced road from Bon Fim to Boa Vista, and hearing all the talk then that that road was to be surfaced within a year or two – it wasn’t completed until about 2000! Similarly, the Takutu Bridge had been under discussion since about 1970!  Governments are no less earnest than others, but government procedures  and  processes are subject to far more uncertainties.

This government, quite likely as the preceding one, has judged that whilst prices are likely to be lower for electricity from some large hydropower development, such as for a large smelter which might be built in Guyana or for export sale to Brazil or elsewhere, it is prudent to pursue a hydropower development to meet our local domestic needs in good time.

It is very true that development of hydropower sites in Guyana has long been a dream of our people. Thus, the government of the day, in 1976, had a MONENCO  report that identified sixty- plus sites and which recommended fifteen,  including Amaila,  for further study.   A review by SWECO, in 1982, identified six sites for focus – Tiger Hill, Tumatumari, Tiboku, Amaila, Kaieteur and Upper Mazaruni, listed roughly in order of increasing size.  The first four would be aimed at meeting existing local needs – the last three could meet the additional needs of a local smelter, or for export.

Tiger Hill, Tumatumari and Tiboku are each less than the 125 MW we need today.  Amaila falls in both groups – the geography of its location is good, with one of the lowest development costs per MW in Guyana.  Utilizing only the Kuribrong and Amaila rivers,    Amaila is good for about 150-200 MW, but with diversions of water from the Upper Mazaruni and Upper Potaro, it could be increased to about 1100 MW. The topography at the Kaieteur Falls on the Potaro is similar to the Amaila Falls on the Kuribrong, and similar developments can be done around the Kaieteur, as at Amaila.  For such, and additional, reasons, in the estimation of many,  including the late Mr Joseph O’Lall, Amaila was judged to be the most suitable site for development to satisfy local domestic needs.

The adjacent Potaro and Mazaruni river basins, the subject of the current MOU between the Governments of Brazil and Guyana,  hold the potential for some 4000 MW, or more, out of the total potential of some 7000 MW for Guyana. The SWECO Upper Mazaruni design, which the government was pursuing in the mid-1970s, projected a single power station of up to 3000 MW, with a huge flooded area instead of the cascade of four or more stations envisaged earlier by MONENCO, with much less flooding, much less storage, much less smoothing of power developed through the year, and likely higher costs.  In these days, flooding and displacements are treated with much less disdain than in the 1970s, and the now prevailing formalized environmental and social impact study procedures set very high standards for approval.

Whilst, on the one hand, Mr Greenidge seems to be taking the government to task for not proceeding expeditiously and earnestly with large hydropower development for export to Brazil, be assured, on the other hand, of very public procedures and processes for consideration and mitigation, if at all possible, of negative environmental and social impacts on any, and all, stakeholders of any such developments.

Thirdly, allow me to address, and to expel from Mr Greenidge, any view that “electricity generation in Guyana has been based on outdated technology.”  The medium-speed Wartsila, HFO-fuelled diesel engines on which we have been standardizing, have been meeting the best specifications in the world for gensets of that size.  The question of utilizing high-cost imported fuels is a matter of choosing the realistically lowest-cost alternative available to us, here and now.  Yes, petroleum is costly – and yet, a good portion  of the electricity generated in the world is based on petroleum fuels and incurs much the same costs as we do.  As reported a few months ago in a Caricom Energy Review, Hawaii, utilizing petroleum fuels, has an electricity tariff of US34 cents per kwh, much the same as obtains in Guyana.  Electricity prices, like everything else, reflect to a great degree the “natural advantage” of the location.  In our current circumstances, we have not so far been able to be persuaded of a lower-cost alternative to meet our demands.  For decades, hydroelectricity has been a tantalizing possibility on the horizon – in Amaila, we think we now have it!

Finally, let me assure Mr Greenidge, along with our fellow Guyanese, that  a  number of issues to which he has alluded, are before us, and we do have answers:

-:  bringing the large, greater-than-1MW customers, like Banks DIH and DDL, and other  large,  industrial customers on the grid, with the related issues of tariff rebalancing – there are  studies on  these specific issues, and no one would be worse off for having Amaila;

:  regarding the requirement of at least three weeks off-line of any hydro-station (or independent part thereof) for checks and maintenance within one year  of start-up, and every five years thereafter – yes, GPL will keep its sets maintained and will do the best at the time, as for example, take power from any other hydropower station connected, or pursue short-term rental of emergency sets;

:  regarding payments of about US$100 million annually to the hydropower station, as stated in the article, against  fuel purchases, now, of about US$90 million,  Amaila will supply up to 40% more electricity than we generate today.  The annual  payment to the hydro will be fixed for the 20-yr BOOT (Build, Own, Operate and Transfer)-life, then be dropped  to  no more than 15% of the earlier price, whilst fuel prices are expected to be volatile but steadily increasing, particularly so when the cost of fossil fuels must carry the cost of removal of the CO2 from the atmosphere.

Let me express my appreciation for this opportunity to address questions which were in the mind of Mr Greenidge and, no doubt, many others. This response would, undoubtedly, present only a few steps in educating ourselves about electricity generation and costs, our hydro potential, and what would be involved in hydropower development.

Yes, Amaila would be one of the biggest single developments undertaken so far within our country.  Certainly, we must do all we can to avoid errors, and to this end, at least four groups are subjecting the plans to independent review.

We always work and hope for success, but the future is never known and it often comes with a few surprising turns; nonetheless, we must go on ever hoping that fortune will smile on us and that our people will consider us kindly.

Yours faithfully,
Samuel A Hinds
Prime Minister

 Tradución Goggle
Guyana continúa trabajando con Brasil en energía hidroeléctrica
Posted By Stabroek staff On February 29, 2012 @ 5:05 am In Letters | No Comments Publicado por Stabroek personal en 29 de febrero 2012 @ 05:05 am En Cartas |
Dear Editor, Sr. Director:

Please allow me to point out some inaccuracies and to shed some light on some of the questions raised in the article, 'Greenidge questions suitability of Amaila Falls for Hydropower' published in the Kaieteur News of Monday, February 27, 2012. Por favor, permítame señalar algunas imprecisiones y de arrojar algo de luz sobre algunas de las cuestiones planteadas en el artículo, "las preguntas Greenidge idoneidad de Amaila Falls para la energía hidroeléctrica", publicado en el Kaieteur News del Lunes, 27 de febrero 2012.

In summary, Guyana has not ignored the offers from Brazil but, rather, continues to aggressively work with Brazil as quickly as the procedures and processes of the two governments allow. En resumen, Guyana no ha hecho caso omiso de las ofertas de Brasil, sino más bien, continúa trabajando agresivamente con Brasil tan pronto como los procedimientos y procesos de los dos gobiernos lo permiten. Amaila has always been short-listed as a good site for development. Amaila siempre ha sido preseleccionada como un buen sitio para el desarrollo. Current electricity generation in Guyana is based on the most up-to-date medium-speed, HFO-fuelled diesel engines which best match our demand, in terms of the daily load curve and the off-service times of units for regular maintenance and rare emergencies. La generación de electricidad de corriente en Guyana se basa en la información más actualizada de velocidad media, HFO motores de combustible diesel que mejor se adapten a nuestra demanda, en términos de la curva de carga diaria y los tiempos de servicio fuera de las unidades para el mantenimiento y rara situaciones de emergencia. Whilst annual payments to Amaila hydro are more than the purchase price of imported fuels, today, Amaila offers 40% more electricity at constant annual payments, whilst knowledgeable authorities project continued rises in petroleum prices. Mientras que los pagos anuales a Amaila hidroeléctrica son más que el precio de compra de combustibles importados, hoy en día, Amaila ofrece un 40% más de electricidad a precios constantes de pagos anuales, mientras que las autoridades conocen del proyecto continuó la subida del precio del petróleo.

To expand on the above, let me firstly assure Mr Greenidge and the people of Guyana, that following the meeting and joint communiqué issued by Presidents Bharrat Jagdeo and Luiz Inácio Lula Da Silva, a Brazilian government mission came to Guyana, and subsequently an MOU was entered into for the Brazilian side to develop a study of potential hydropower sites within the Mazaruni and Potaro river basins, including diversions within and between the two basins. Para ampliar lo anterior, permítanme en primer lugar, asegurar al Sr. Greenidge y el pueblo de Guyana, que después de la reunión y el comunicado conjunto emitido por los presidentes Bharrat Jagdeo y Luiz Inácio Lula Da Silva, una misión del gobierno brasileño llegó a Guyana, y, posteriormente, un memorando de entendimiento se entró en el lado brasileño para desarrollar un estudio de los sitios potenciales de energía hidroeléctrica en el Mazaruni y Potaro las cuencas hidrográficas, incluyendo las desviaciones dentro de y entre las dos cuencas. Previous studies which are in the control of Guyana would be made available as a starting point. Los estudios previos que están en el control de Guyana estaría disponible como un punto de partida. Consistent with this MOU, arrangements are presently being made with the Brazilian government for a consortium of two large Brazilian hydropower design and construction companies to pursue the relevant feasibility studies, which are a requirement for such major projects. De acuerdo con este Memorando de Entendimiento, los acuerdos actualmente, se está con el gobierno brasileño por un consorcio de diseño de dos grandes centrales hidroeléctricas y las empresas brasileñas de construcción para perseguir a los estudios de viabilidad pertinentes, las cuales son un requisito para los grandes proyectos.

Both the Guyanese and Brazilian governments are keeping before them the attractive possibilities for the development of hydropower sites in Guyana, for sale of electric energy to Brazil, specifically into northern Brazil which itself is still at a relatively early stage of development, and in which various supporting infrastructure is to be, and is being, developed. Tanto los gobiernos de Guyana y Brasil están manteniendo ante ellos las atractivas posibilidades para el desarrollo de sitios de energía hidroeléctrica en Guyana, para la venta de energía eléctrica a Brasil, específicamente en el norte de Brasil que se encuentra todavía en una etapa relativamente temprana de desarrollo, y en el que varios infraestructura de apoyo ha de ser, y está siendo desarrollado,. Whilst remaining open to the outcome of the studies, but taking account of the distances involved, rules of thumb would suggest that production and export/import of at least 1000 MW would be desirable, with probably 500 MW being the economic minimum. Mientras que permanece abierto a los resultados de los estudios, pero teniendo en cuenta las distancias, las reglas generales que sugieren que la producción y exportación / importación de al menos 1000 MW, sería deseable, probablemente con 500 MW siendo la capacidad mínima económica.

For sure, Guyana's domestic needs of less than 150 MW could readily be met from any such large hydropower development, and unit costs are likely to be lower than costs at a site developed solely for satisfaction of Guyana's own domestic demand. Por supuesto, las necesidades nacionales de Guyana de menos de 150 MW con facilidad podrían cumplirse de cualquier desarrollo de energía hidroeléctrica de gran tamaño, y los costos unitarios tienden a ser inferiores a los costes en un sitio desarrollado para su propia satisfacción de la demanda interna de Guyana. The question is, when will a large hydropower be actually in place, and should we not proceed with plans to satisfy our own domestic needs. La pregunta es, ¿cuándo una hidroeléctrica a gran escala es realmente en su lugar, y no debemos proceder con los planes de satisfacer nuestras propias necesidades domésticas.

Governments, even with the best of intentions, are constrained by many factors: first of all elections cycles and election results; different personalities with different focuses and different prioritizations, even within the same party when returned to government; and, of course, the timing which makes good economic sense, and the availability of financing. Los gobiernos, incluso con las mejores intenciones, se ven limitados por muchos factores: en primer lugar de todos los ciclos electorales y los resultados electorales; personalidades diferentes, con orden de preferencia diferentes enfoques y diferentes, incluso dentro del mismo partido, cuando volvió al gobierno, y, por supuesto, el momento lo que tiene sentido económico, y la disponibilidad de financiamiento. We are, nevertheless, encouraged by recent discussions with our Brazilian counterparts. Estamos, sin embargo, animado por las recientes discusiones con nuestros pares brasileños.

I recall at the time of our nationalization of the DEMBA operations, 1971-72, losing one of our best general foremen on holiday, having been involved in a traffic accident on the then unsurfaced road from Bon Fim to Boa Vista, and hearing all the talk then that that road was to be surfaced within a year or two – it wasn't completed until about 2000! Recuerdo que en el momento de nuestra nacionalización de las operaciones de Demba, 1971-72, perdiendo uno de nuestros mejores capataces en general de vacaciones, después de haber estado involucrado en un accidente de tráfico en la carretera sin asfaltar a continuación de Bon Fim a Boa Vista, y el oír, todo el Hablaremos entonces de que ese camino iba a ser surgido dentro de un año o dos - no se terminó hasta alrededor de 2000! Similarly, the Takutu Bridge had been under discussion since about 1970! Del mismo modo, el Puente Takutu había sido objeto de debate desde 1970! Governments are no less earnest than others, but government procedures and processes are subject to far more uncertainties. Los gobiernos no son menos serio que otros, pero los procedimientos y procesos gubernamentales están sujetas a incertidumbres mucho más.

This government, quite likely as the preceding one, has judged that whilst prices are likely to be lower for electricity from some large hydropower development, such as for a large smelter which might be built in Guyana or for export sale to Brazil or elsewhere, it is prudent to pursue a hydropower development to meet our local domestic needs in good time. Este gobierno, es muy probable que la anterior, ha determinado que los precios mientras que es probable que sea menor de electricidad a partir de un desarrollo hidroeléctrico grande, como para una gran fundición, que puede ser construido en Guyana o para la venta de exportación a Brasil o en otros lugares, es prudente seguir un desarrollo de energía hidroeléctrica para satisfacer nuestras necesidades locales internas en buen momento.

It is very true that development of hydropower sites in Guyana has long been a dream of our people. Es muy cierto que el desarrollo de sitios de energía hidroeléctrica en Guyana ha sido durante mucho tiempo un sueño de nuestro pueblo. Thus, the government of the day, in 1976, had a MONENCO report that identified sixty- plus sites and which recommended fifteen, including Amaila, for further study. Por lo tanto, el gobierno de turno, en 1976, tuvo un informe Monenco que identificó más de sesenta sitios, y que recomendó quince años, incluyendo Amaila, para su estudio. A review by SWECO, in 1982, identified six sites for focus – Tiger Hill, Tumatumari, Tiboku, Amaila, Kaieteur and Upper Mazaruni, listed roughly in order of increasing size. Una revisión de SWECO, en 1982, se identificaron seis sitios para la atención - Tiger Hill, Tumatumari, Tiboku, Amaila, Kaieteur y el Alto Mazaruni, que se enumeran más o menos en orden de tamaño creciente. The first four would be aimed at meeting existing local needs – the last three could meet the additional needs of a local smelter, or for export. Los cuatro primeros estarían destinadas a satisfacer las necesidades locales existentes - los últimos tres años podría satisfacer las necesidades adicionales de una fundición local, o para la exportación.

Tiger Hill, Tumatumari and Tiboku are each less than the 125 MW we need today. Colina del Tigre, y Tumatumari Tiboku son cada uno menor que el 125 MW que necesitamos hoy. Amaila falls in both groups – the geography of its location is good, with one of the lowest development costs per MW in Guyana. Amaila cae en ambos grupos - la geografía de su ubicación es buena, con uno de los más bajos costos de desarrollo por MW en Guyana. Utilizing only the Kuribrong and Amaila rivers, Amaila is good for about 150-200 MW, but with diversions of water from the Upper Mazaruni and Upper Potaro, it could be increased to about 1100 MW. Utilizando sólo la Kuribrong y los ríos Amaila, Amaila es bueno para unos 150-200 MW, pero con desviaciones de agua desde el Alto Mazaruni y Potaro superior, podría ser aumentado a cerca de 1.100 MW. The topography at the Kaieteur Falls on the Potaro is similar to the Amaila Falls on the Kuribrong, and similar developments can be done around the Kaieteur, as at Amaila. La topografía en el Kaieteur Falls en el Potaro es similar a las Cataratas del Amaila en el Kuribrong, y una evolución similar se puede hacer todo el Kaieteur, como en Amaila. For such, and additional, reasons, in the estimation of many, including the late Mr Joseph O'Lall, Amaila was judged to be the most suitable site for development to satisfy local domestic needs. Por tales razones, y adicionales, en la estimación de muchos, incluyendo al fallecido Sr. Joseph O'Lall, Amaila se consideró que era el sitio más adecuado para el desarrollo local para satisfacer las necesidades domésticas.

The adjacent Potaro and Mazaruni river basins, the subject of the current MOU between the Governments of Brazil and Guyana, hold the potential for some 4000 MW, or more, out of the total potential of some 7000 MW for Guyana. El adyacente Potaro y las cuencas de los ríos Mazaruni, el tema de la actual Memorando de Entendimiento entre los Gobiernos de Brasil y Guyana, tienen el potencial para algunos MW 4000, o más, a partir del potencial total de unos 7.000 MW de Guyana. The SWECO Upper Mazaruni design, which the government was pursuing in the mid-1970s, projected a single power station of up to 3000 MW, with a huge flooded area instead of the cascade of four or more stations envisaged earlier by MONENCO, with much less flooding, much less storage, much less smoothing of power developed through the year, and likely higher costs. El diseño de Mazaruni SWECO superior, que el gobierno estaba siguiendo en los mediados de 1970, proyecta una central única de hasta 3.000 MW, con una superficie de Neptuno en lugar de la cascada de cuatro o más estaciones previstas con anterioridad por Monenco, con mucho menos inundaciones, almacenamiento y mucho menos, suavizado mucho menos de la potencia desarrollada a través del año, y los probables costos más altos. In these days, flooding and displacements are treated with much less disdain than in the 1970s, and the now prevailing formalized environmental and social impact study procedures set very high standards for approval. En estos días, las inundaciones y los desplazamientos son tratados con desprecio y mucho menos que en la década de 1970, y las que ahora prevalecen los procedimientos formalizados de impacto ambiental y social del estudio puesto el listón muy alto para su aprobación.

Whilst, on the one hand, Mr Greenidge seems to be taking the government to task for not proceeding expeditiously and earnestly with large hydropower development for export to Brazil, be assured, on the other hand, of very public procedures and processes for consideration and mitigation, if at all possible, of negative environmental and social impacts on any, and all, stakeholders of any such developments. Mientras que, por una parte, el Sr. Greenidge parece estar tomando el gobierno a la tarea de no proceder con prontitud y seriedad con el desarrollo de grandes centrales hidroeléctricas para exportar a Brasil, se aseguró, por otro lado, de procedimientos muy públicas y los procesos para su examen y la mitigación , si es posible, de los negativos impactos sociales y ambientales en cualquier y todo, las partes interesadas de cualquier acontecimiento.

Thirdly, allow me to address, and to expel from Mr Greenidge, any view that “electricity generation in Guyana has been based on outdated technology.” The medium-speed Wartsila, HFO-fuelled diesel engines on which we have been standardizing, have been meeting the best specifications in the world for gensets of that size. En tercer lugar, me permite abordar, así como expulsar del Sr. Greenidge, cualquier opinión de que "la generación de electricidad en Guyana se ha basado en una tecnología obsoleta." El Wärtsilä de velocidad media, HFO motores de combustible diesel en el que hemos estado de normalización, han sido cumplir con las mejores especificaciones en el mundo de grupos electrógenos de ese tamaño. The question of utilizing high-cost imported fuels is a matter of choosing the realistically lowest-cost alternative available to us, here and now. La cuestión de la utilización de alto costo combustibles importados es una cuestión de elegir la alternativa realista de más bajo costo disponible para nosotros, aquí y ahora. Yes, petroleum is costly – and yet, a good portion of the electricity generated in the world is based on petroleum fuels and incurs much the same costs as we do. Sí, el petróleo es caro - y, sin embargo, una buena parte de la electricidad generada en el mundo se basa en combustibles derivados del petróleo e incurre en los costos tanto como nosotros. As reported a few months ago in a Caricom Energy Review, Hawaii, utilizing petroleum fuels, has an electricity tariff of US34 cents per kwh, much the same as obtains in Guyana. Como se informó hace unos meses en una revisión de la Energía Caricom, Hawai, la utilización de combustibles derivados del petróleo, tiene una tarifa eléctrica de los US34 centavos por kwh, lo mismo que obtiene en Guyana. Electricity prices, like everything else, reflect to a great degree the “natural advantage” of the location. Precios de la electricidad, como todo lo demás, reflejan en gran medida de la "ventaja natural" de la ubicación. In our current circumstances, we have not so far been able to be persuaded of a lower-cost alternative to meet our demands. En nuestras circunstancias actuales, no han sido hasta ahora capaces de convencerse de una alternativa de menor costo para satisfacer nuestras demandas. For decades, hydroelectricity has been a tantalizing possibility on the horizon – in Amaila, we think we now have it! Durante décadas, la hidroelectricidad ha sido una tentadora posibilidad en el horizonte - en Amaila, creemos que tenemos ahora!
Finally, let me assure Mr Greenidge, along with our fellow Guyanese, that a number of issues to which he has alluded, are before us, and we do have answers:- Por último, quisiera asegurar al Sr. Greenidge, junto con nuestro colega de Guyana, que una serie de cuestiones a las que ha aludido, están delante de nosotros, y nosotros tenemos respuestas: -

: bringing the large, greater-than-1MW customers, like Banks DIH and DDL, and other large, industrial customers on the grid, with the related issues of tariff rebalancing – there are studies on these specific issues, and no one would be worse off for having Amaila; : Llevar a los grandes, mayor de lo 1MW clientes, como Banks DIH y DDL, y otros grandes clientes industriales en la parrilla, con las cuestiones relacionadas con el reequilibrio de tarifas - no hay estudios sobre estos temas específicos, y nadie podría ser peor fuera por tener Amaila;

: regarding the requirement of at least three weeks off-line of any hydro-station (or independent part thereof) for checks and maintenance within one year of start-up, and every five years thereafter – yes, GPL will keep its sets maintained and will do the best at the time, as for example, take power from any other hydropower station connected, or pursue short-term rental of emergency sets; : En relación con el requisito de al menos tres semanas fuera de línea de cualquier hidro-estación (o parte independiente de ella) para el control y mantenimiento dentro de un año de la puesta en marcha, y posteriormente cada cinco años-sí, GPL mantendrá sus conjuntos mantenido y hará todo lo posible en el momento, como por ejemplo, tomar el poder de cualquier otra central hidroeléctrica conectado, o el ejercicio de alquiler a corto plazo de los conjuntos de emergencia;

: regarding payments of about US$100 million annually to the hydropower station, as stated in the article, against fuel purchases, now, of about US$90 million, Amaila will supply up to 40% more electricity than we generate today. : En relación con los pagos de alrededor de EE.UU. $ 100 millones anuales a la estación de energía hidroeléctrica, como se indica en el artículo, frente a las compras de combustible, ahora, de alrededor de EE.UU. $ 90 millones, Amaila suministrará a la red eléctrica el 40% más de lo que generan en la actualidad. The annual payment to the hydro will be fixed for the 20-yr BOOT (Build, Own, Operate and Transfer)-life, then be dropped to no more than 15% of the earlier price, whilst fuel prices are expected to be volatile but steadily increasing, particularly so when the cost of fossil fuels must carry the cost of removal of the CO2 from the atmosphere. 

El pago anual a la hidroeléctrica será fijada para el inicio de 20 años (Build, Own, Operate and Transfer) de la vida, y luego se redujo a no más del 15% del precio anterior, mientras que los precios del combustible se espera que sean volátiles, pero cada vez mayor, especialmente cuando el costo de los combustibles fósiles debe llevar el costo de la eliminación del CO2 de la atmósfera.

Let me express my appreciation for this opportunity to address questions which were in the mind of Mr Greenidge and, no doubt, many others. Permítanme expresar mi agradecimiento por esta oportunidad para abordar las cuestiones que estaban en la mente del Sr. Greenidge y, sin duda, muchos otros. This response would, undoubtedly, present only a few steps in educating ourselves about electricity generation and costs, our hydro potential, and what would be involved in hydropower development. Esta respuesta, sin duda, presentar a sólo unos pasos en la educación de nosotros mismos acerca de la generación de electricidad y los costos, nuestro potencial hidroeléctrico, y lo que estarían involucrados en el desarrollo de energía hidroeléctrica.

Yes, Amaila would be one of the biggest single developments undertaken so far within our country. Sí, Amaila sería uno de los mayores desarrollos individuales realizados hasta la fecha en nuestro país. Certainly, we must do all we can to avoid errors, and to this end, at least four groups are subjecting the plans to independent review. Ciertamente, debemos hacer todo lo posible para evitar errores, y con este fin, por lo menos cuatro grupos están sometiendo a los planes de revisión independiente.

We always work and hope for success, but the future is never known and it often comes with a few surprising turns; nonetheless, we must go on ever hoping that fortune will smile on us and that our people will consider us kindly. Siempre trabajamos y esperamos que para el éxito, pero el futuro nunca se sabe y que a menudo viene con giros sorprendentes pocos, sin embargo, debemos seguir siempre esperando que la fortuna le sonríe a nosotros y que nuestra gente nos cuenta amablemente.

Yours faithfully, Le saluda atentamente,

Samuel A Hinds Samuel Hinds A

Prime Minister Primer ministro

Artículo original de Stabroek News: http://www.stabroeknews.com
1994 Guayana Esequiba - Zona en Reclamación MARNR Servicio Autónomo  de Geografía y Cartografía Nacional 3 Edición
  
Nota del editor del blog: Al referenciarse a la República Cooperativa de Guyana se deben de tener en cuenta los 159.500Km2, de territorios ubicados al oeste del río Esequibo conocidos con el nombre de Guayana Esequiba o Zona en Reclamación sujetos al Acuerdo de Ginebra del 17 de febrero de 1966.

Territorios estos sobre los cuales el gobierno Venezolano en representación de la Nación venezolana se reservo sus derechos sobre los territorios de la Guayana Esequiba en su nota del 26 de mayo de 1966 al reconocerse al nuevo Estado de Guyana .
“...por lo tanto, Venezuela reconoce como territorio del nuevo Estado, el que se sitúa al este de la margen derecha del río Esequibo y reitera ante la comunidad internacional, que se reserva expresamente sus derechos de soberanía territorial sobre la zona que se encuentra en la margen izquierda del precitado río; en consecuencia, el territorio de la Guayana Esequiba sobre el cual Venezuela se reserva expresamente sus derechos soberanos, limita al Este con el nuevo Estado de Guyana, a través de la línea del río Esequibo, tomando éste desde su nacimiento hasta su desembocadura en el Océano Atlántico...”


 Mapa que señala el Espacio de Soberanía Marítima Venezolana que se reserva, como Mar Territorial mediante el Decreto Presidencial No 1152 del 09 de Julio de 1968.




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